Informatics Publishing Limited

L. A. K. Singh , Debabrata Swain

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S. S. Srivastava , L. A. K. Singh

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Data on Tiger popUlation estimates from 1972 to 1997 have been analysed along with human population from 1971 to 1991 to regress the status of Tiger population in Similipal Tiger Reserve by the year 2061. Assumption has been made that the rate of growth of human population continuesilt the rate seen upto 1991. During observation years 1974-1997, the per cent rate of growth of Tiger population followed a declining trend which becomes negative after the year 2008, in spite or continuance of managerial inputs at the present level. For calculation of 'Multiple Regression' the independent variables were considered to be the management years and human population, ami the dependent variable was the per cent growth rate for number of Tigers in the Reserve. The work substantiates earlier findings that the Tiger population in Similipai Tiger Reserve is a population threatened by growth of human population. Restriction of use-area by inhabiting human population and enhancing measures for habitat improvement are suggested to possibly delay the anticipated negative trend of growth of Tiger population.

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B. C. Prusty , L. A. K. Singh

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In Similipal Tiger Reserve pug-mark census is carried out to estimate the population of Tiger and Leopard. The procedures and work schedules have been standardised over the years. During twenty years of existence of Project Tiger the human population in Similipal Tiger Reserve has increased by about 4090. The census data on Tiger and Leopard from 1989 to 1995 indicates that their population are more or less stable. But the implications of a stable Tiger population against increasing human population in the Tiger Reserve is a clear indication that the ecological density of Tiger in Similjpal has increased. If the trend continues there is risk of inbreeding depression and population crash. It is therefore, urged that 'ecodevelopment schemes' though take care of the human dimensions causing pressure in the Tiger Reserve, these should not stand bar against relocation of a bare minimum number of villages from the core area of the Tiger Reserve, if the ultimate goal is prevention of a natural ecosystem turning into a 'human-system'.

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L. A. K. Singh , B. N. Nayak , S. K. Acharjya

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The paper presents the results of operations launched to capture the Elephant using chemicals ia Bolangir.

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L. A. K. Singh

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The hind pugmarks of female Tiger fit into a rectangle while that of a male Tiger fit into a "biological square" whose length and width may not be equal. For adult females with pugmark longer than 11.0cm the length-width difference is more than 1.5cm. A ready reckoner has been provided to compare length-breadth dimensions and ascertain the sex of Tiger from hind pugmarks. The idea of using the breadth alone for sex-identification has been dismissed because of limitations. The sex ratio oftiger at birth is 1:1. It changes in favour of reproducing females because genetic-depression and ecological cost do not favour natural selection in maintaining males longer or in large numbers in a closed population. The census figures from different Tiger populations may present different sex ratios because of local factors and also the extent of inclusion of "pre-breading" or "post breading" Tigers which remain peripheral to the main breeding population. It is urged that wildlife techniques should ideally emerge from the wild because of distorted behaviour as well as morphometrics known to occur with animals under protracted captivity. It is further urged that application of statistical principles to biological thoughts should be in a language intelligible to field biologists.

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B. C. Prusty , L. A. K. Singh

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Near Upper Barha Kamuda Range Office in South Similipal two elephants were killed in male-male fights, one in the morning of 28 Feb, 1994 and the other in the night of 01 March, 1994. Evidences from the sites of fights and the noises heard have enabled to construct the scenes of fight and offer reasons to such aggression in Elephant. The fights involved chasing, circular movements due to locked-in tusks, and goring into the body of the victim in the anal region, lower abdomen and behind the ear. Noises included trumpets and water splashes. A probable musth condition of the victor -the older bull, and the enhancing mating urge of the growing-up tuskers are expected to have led to aggressions. It was perhaps worsened by the availability of a less number of receptive mating partners. It was not known for how long each battle had already been fought before coming to the notice. The victor took about two days to locate, fight and kill the second bull after killing the first. In the wild it is always not possible to detect a male-male fight. Such male-male fights and kills are viewed as natural mechanisms allowing the best bull to enter into reproduction for continuance of the race.

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L. A. K. Singh , B. N. Nayak , H. S. Upadhyaya , B. C. Prusty

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S. R. Sagar , L. A. K. Singh

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The difference in tbe measuremets of total lenglh (PML) and width (PMB) of an adult tiger blad pug mark not distorted, is less than 1.5 cm in males and more in females. In male PMB = 0940 (PML)-0.138 cm ± 0.503 cm and in females PMB=0.724 (PML)+ 1.467 cm ± 0.589 cm. When the pug-mark is not fresh or is sprawled out the relationship between PTL and TTB can be used to distinguish the sexes from tbe pug marks PTL is the measurement between centre of the pad to centre of the farthest toe. TTB is the measurement of the first and fourth toe. The centers in tbese measurements are the approximate cross points of the part's long axis and broad axis. In male tiger TTB = 0.817 (PIL) + 3.627 cm ±0.736 cm and in female TTB = 0.810 (PTL) + 0.593 Cm ± 0.700 cm. Hypothetically sexual dimorphism in tiger cubs may be evident in PIL vs ITB relationship but may not be c1ear in PML vs PMB relationship.

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C. S. Dani , S. R. Sagar , L. A. K. Singh

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This paper reviews efforts towards rebuilding viable population of mugger crocodiles in major rivers inside Simllipal Tiger Reserve. Improving captive management of and providing juvenile mugger crocodiles for release elsewhere. Literature on the subject has been reviewed and results of research at Ramatiratha presented along with recommendations for the future.

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S. R. Sagar , L. A. K. Singh

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The stride of a large cat in its normal walk is the distance from the tip of the impression or the pad of a hind limb to the corresponding position at an adjacent impression of the same pug. The stride is also approximately twice the distance between two adjacent pug marks, that of the left and right hind limbs during normal walk, and approximately thrice during a short pace gait. It is concluded from the present study that the strides of adult leopard were mostly above 90 cm while that of young tigers were 70-85 cm. These observations have formed the basis to distinguish the tracks of a leopard and a young tiger, both of which may have a pug mark length of 8-9 cm.

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L. A. K. Singh

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Management prescriptions for feeding 100 gharial in captivity from hatching upto 5 years of age are given. The prescription includes consideration of creating feeding groups, choice of food types for different age/size groups, feeding frequencies, food requirements through different ages, record maintenance and other considerations including off-feed due to disturbances from pool cleaning and handling, care of live fish and arrangement of other food when whole fish are not available for large gharial. The yearly requirement of food for 100 gharial during the first year is 564 kg, second year 2,448 kg, third year 7,410 kg, fourth year 18,030 kg and fifth year 24,030 kg.

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H. R. Bustard , L. A. K. Singh

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A basking gharial Gavialis gangeticus (Gmelin), often leaven at the basking site, impressions of the single row tail scutes of the ventral region. The growth of these scutes (SC) bear a linear relationship to the growth of the total body length (TBL). TBL=53.658+62.733 (SC). This statistic, with fair degrees of accuracy, has been proved with four wild gharials and three captive gharials ranging from 1.4 to 5.4 m in total length. It is presumed that a similar relationship exists for other crocodilian species too. This method of size estimation from the tail scute spoor can be safely used for census and movement studies.

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H. S. Palei , P. P. Mahapatra , S. K. Dutta , L. A. K. Singh , H. K. Sahu , S. D. Rout

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Birds of Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary were studied from January 2009 to June 2009, based on observational method. A total of 123 birds were recorded representing 49 families of 15 orders. Nine species are migrant, of which six are winter visitor and three are summer visitor. They also recorded 11 species of water birds here. The major factors, which are detrimental to the Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, are identified which includes proposal to lease a part of a land to an industry, use poison for fishing, forest fire, encroachment and hunting. Recommendations for better management of habitat of the Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary have been provided.

Keywords

Karlapat Wildlife Sanctuary, Green Avadavat, Birds, Conservation Issues

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Debiprasad Sahoo , Sunit Kr. Das , Hemanta Kr. Sahu , S. D. Rout , L. A. K. Singh

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